Purification of bacterial vesicles

ABSTRACT

A two stage filtration process is used to purify immunogenic bacterial vesicles. A first step separates the vesicles from intact bacteria based on their different sizes, with the smaller vesicles passing into the filtrate (permeate). A second step then uses a finer filter to remove smaller contaminants, with the vesicles remaining in the retentate. This two stage process is extremely simple to operate but has been shown to give vesicles of high purity.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention is in the field of purifying vesicles from Gram-negativebacteria.

BACKGROUND ART

Gram-negative bacteria can spontaneously release outer membrane blebsduring growth due to the turgour pressure of the cell envelope. Theformation of such blebs can be facilitated by disruption of certainbacterial components e.g. references 1 and 2 disrupted the MltA enzymeof meningococcus to provide strains which release vesicles into theculture medium during growth, and references 2 and 3 disrupted the E.coli Tol-Pal system for the same purpose.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) can also be produced by disruption ofwhole bacteria. Known OMV production methods include methods which usedetergent treatment (e.g. with deoxycholate) [4 & 5], detergent-freemethods [6], or sonication [7], etc.

Various methods have been used to purify these immunogenic vesicles(i.e. blebs and OMVs). For instance, reference 8 reports anultrafiltration-based method.

Although effective, these methods are labour intensive and expensive,particularly because of the use of centrifugation. Thus the methods arenot suitable for the production of low cost vaccines against diseaseswhich are common in developing countries e.g. against shigellosis. Thusthere is a need for a simpler and cheaper process for the purificationof immunogenic bacterial vesicles.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The invention uses a two-stage size filtration process to purifyimmunogenic bacterial vesicles. A first step separates the vesicles fromintact bacteria based on their different sizes, with the smallervesicles passing into the filtrate (permeate). A second step then uses afiner filter to remove smaller contaminants (e.g. soluble proteins),with the vesicles remaining in the retentate. This two stage process isextremely simple to operate but gives immunogenic vesicles of highpurity.

Thus the invention provides a process for purifying immunogenicbacterial vesicles from a composition which includes both whole bacteriaand vesicles, comprising: (i) a first filtration step in which thevesicles are separated from the bacteria based on their different sizes,with the vesicles passing into the filtrate; and (ii) a secondfiltration step in which the vesicles are retained in the retentate. Theretained vesicles can be used as an immunogenic component in a vaccine.

The invention also provides a vesicle-containing composition obtained orobtainable by this process.

The invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceuticalcomposition, such as a vaccine, comprising steps: (a) purifyingimmunogenic bacterial vesicles by a process of the invention; and (b)formulating the purified vesicles with a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier (e.g. a buffer) and/or with an immunological adjuvant and/orwith one or more further immunogenic components.

The invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceuticalcomposition, such as a vaccine, comprising a step of formulatingvesicles purified by a process of the invention with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier (e.g. a buffer) and/or with an immunological adjuvantand/or with one or more further immunogenic components.

The invention also provides a vesicle-containing pharmaceuticalcomposition obtained or obtainable by these processes.

The Vesicles

The invention can be used for purifying various types of proteoliposomicvesicles which retain outer membrane proteins from bacteria. Theseproteoliposomic vesicle can be obtained by disruption of or blebblingfrom the outer membrane of a bacterium to form vesicles therefrom thatinclude protein components of the outer membrane. Thus the term includesOMVs, blebs, microvesicles (MVs [9]) and ‘native OMVs’ (‘NOMVs’ [10]).It can also include detergent-extracted OMV (DOMVs) and mutant-derivedOMVs (m-OMV).

Blebs, MVs and NOMVs are naturally-occurring membrane vesicles that formspontaneously during bacterial growth and are released into culturemedium. MVs can be obtained by culturing bacteria such as Neisseria inbroth culture medium, separating whole cells from the smaller MVs in thebroth culture medium (e.g. by filtration or by low-speed centrifugationto pellet only the cells and not the smaller vesicles), and thencollecting the MVs from the cell-depleted medium (e.g. by filtration, bydifferential precipitation or aggregation of MVs, by high-speedcentrifugation to pellet the MVs). Strains for use in production of MVscan generally be selected on the basis of the amount of MVs produced inculture e.g. refs. 11 & 12 describe Neisseria with high MV production.Hyperblebbing strains are disclosed in reference 13. Disruption of themltA gene[1,2] can also provide meningococcal strains whichspontaneously release suitable vesicles during culture. Disruption ofthe Tol-Pal system can be used to provide E. coli, Shigella andSalmonella strains which spontaneously release suitable vesicles duringculture.

OMVs are prepared artificially from bacteria, and may be prepared usingdetergent treatment (e.g. with deoxycholate or sarkosyl), or bynon-detergent means (e.g. see reference 14). Techniques for forming OMVsinclude treating bacteria with a bile acid salt detergent (e.g. salts oflithocholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid,deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, ursocholic acid, etc., with sodiumdeoxycholate [15 & 16] being preferred for treating Neisseria) at a pHsufficiently high not to precipitate the detergent [17]. Othertechniques may be performed substantially in the absence of detergent[14] using techniques such as sonication, homogenisation,microfluidisation, cavitation, osmotic shock, grinding, French press,blending, etc. Methods using no or low detergent can retain usefulantigens such as NspA [14]. Thus a method may use an OMV extractionbuffer with about 0.5% deoxycholate or lower e.g. about 0.2%, about0.1%, <0.05% or zero.

A useful process for OMV preparation is described in reference 18 andinvolves ultrafiltration on crude OMVs, rather than high speedcentrifugation. The process may involve a step of ultracentrifugationafter the ultrafiltration takes place.

If LOS is present in a vesicle it is possible to treat the vesicle so asto link its LOS and protein components (“intra-bleb” conjugation[19]).

Preferred vesicles for use with the invention are produced by a Shigellabacterium (e.g. a S. sonnei) which does not express a functional TolRprotein. Other vesicles for use with the invention are produced by aSalmonella bacterium (e.g. a S. typhimurium, also known as Salmonellaenterica serovar Typhimurium) which does not express a functional TolRprotein.

The Bacterium

The invention can be used to purify vesicles from various Gram negativebacteria, such as species in any of genera Escherichia, Shigella,Neisseria, Moraxella, Bordetella, Borrelia, Brucella, Chlamydia,Haemophilus, Legionella, Pseudomonas, Yersinia, Helicobacter,Salmonella, Vibrio, etc.

For example, the bacterium may be Bordetella pertussis, Borreliaburgdorferi, Brucella melitensis. Brucella ovis, Chlamydia psittaci,Chlamydia trachomatis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli,Haemophilus influenzae (including non-typeable stains), Legionellapneumophila, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisserialactamica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Helicobacterpylori, Salmonella enterica (including serovars typhi and typhimurium,as well as serovars paratyphi and enteritidis), Vibrio cholerae, etc.

The invention is particularly suitable for preparing vesicles fromShigella (such as S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii or S. sonnei)and E. coli (including extraintestinal pathogenic strains) andSalmonella (including S. typhimurium).

The bacterium can be a wild-type bacterium but, more typically, it willhave been modified e.g. to inactivate genes which lead to a toxicphenotype. For example, it is known to modify bacteria so that they donot express a native lipopolysaccharide (LPS), particularly for E. coli,meningococcus, Shigella, and the like. Various modifications of nativeLPS can be made e.g. these may disrupt the native lipid A structure, theoligosaccharide core, or the outer O antigen. Absence of O antigen inthe LPS is useful, as is absence of hexa-acylated lipid A. Inactivationof enterotoxins is also known e.g. to prevent expression of Shiga toxin.

A preferred bacterium for use with the invention is a S. sonnei strainwith a ΔtolR genotype, including a strain with a ΔtolRΔgalU genotype.

The First Filtration

The first filtration step separates the vesicles from intact bacteriabased on their different sizes, with the smaller vesicles passing intothe filtrate (permeate).

The input for the first filtration step can be the product of a vesicleforming method (e.g. an OMV preparation method from meningococci).Usually, though, the input will be the culture medium of a blebbingbacterium. This material may be concentrated prior to the firstfiltration step so as to remove the volume which requires firstfiltration.

This step can be a typical sterile filtration e.g. using a 0.22 μmfilter. The bacteria are retained by the filter but the vesicles passthrough into the filtrate. Although the vesicles can pass through astandard 0.22 μm filter, the filter can rapidly become clogged by othermaterial and so it may be useful to perform pre-filtering through aseries of filters of decreasing pore size before the first filtrationstep. For example, the first filtration step might be preceded byfiltration through filters with pore size of 0.8 μm, then 0.45 μm, etc.

In general, the pore size for the first filtration will be selectedaccording to the size and characteristics of the bacteria which are tobe removed. The goal of the first filtration step is to retain more than90% (by number) of intact bacteria, ideally >95%, >97%, >98%, >99%or >99.5%, and a pore size can be selected accordingly. For somebacteria (e.g. those with large cells) the first filtration step may befiltration through a 0.8 μm, 0.65 μm or 0.45 μm pore size membrane, butfor other bacteria (e.g. those with small cells) the first filtrationstep may be through a 0.22 μm or 0.2 μm pore size membrane. As discussedabove, the first filtration may include pre-filtration through a 0.45 μmor 0.65 μm membrane followed by filtration through a 0.22 μm or 0.2 μmmembrane. Various suitable membranes are commercially available.

The first filtration step is advantageously performed with a tangentialflow (cross-flow) arrangement. This arrangement helps to avoid cloggingwhich is typical for dead-ended filtration and minimises the need forextensive pre-filtering. Reduced pre-filtering means that a lower volumeof liquid remains trapped in the filters. Tangential flowmicrofiltration cassettes were evaluated in references 20 & 21, and arecommercially available e.g. the MaxCell™ range of hollow fibercartridges with 0.2 μm pore size, or the MidGee™ cartridges with 0.2 μmpore size, or ProCell™ hollow fiber cartridges with 0.2 μm pore size(all available from GE Healthcare).

Tangential flow filtration in the first step is ideally performed withdiafiltration. This permits efficient removal of filtrate components andinvolves addition of fresh solvent (e.g. a buffer, such as PBS) duringthe first filtration step. Addition of the fresh solvent can maintainthe overall volume if it occurs at the same rate as solvent removalthrough the tangential flow filter.

The first filtration step may use a hollow fibre membrane e.g. to reduceshear stress on vesicles.

The Second Filtration

The second filtration step uses a finer filter than the first step.Whereas the vesicles passed into the filtrate in the first filtrationstep, in the second filtration step they remain in the retentate.

In general, the pore size for the second filtration will be selectedaccording to the size and characteristics of the vesicles which are tobe retained. Some small vesicles may pass through the filter, but thegoal of the second filtration step is to retain more than 50% (bynumber) of vesicles, ideally >60%, >70%, >80%, >90% or >95%, whileremoving soluble proteins. A pore size can be selected accordingly,based on the vesicles to be retained and the soluble proteins which areto be removed. Ideally, >90% of total protein in the retentate should bepart of the vesicles, with <10% as soluble protein. Suitable filters areusually quoted in terms of their pore size (e.g. a suitable filter canhave a pore size of 0.1 μm) or molecular weight (e.g. a 300 kDa, 500kDa, 750 kDa or 1000 kDa membrane can be used). Various suitablemembranes are commercially available.

The second filtration step is advantageously performed with a tangentialflow (cross-flow) arrangement. As discussed above, this arrangementhelps to avoid clogging. Tangential flow microfiltration cassettes arecommercially available e.g. the MaxCell™ range of hollow fibercartridges with 0.1 μm pore size, or the MidGee™ cartridges with 0.1 μmpore size, or Xampler™ laboratory cartridges with 0.1 μm pore size (allavailable from GE Healthcare).

Tangential flow filtration in the second step is ideally performed withdiafiltration (see above).

The second filtration step may use a hollow fibre membrane e.g. toreduce shear stress on vesicles.

Retentate from the second filtration step contains vesicles and thesemay be resuspended in any suitable medium (e.g. in a buffer or otherpharmaceutically acceptable liquid) ready for formulation into avaccine.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a)vesicles purified by a process of the invention and (b) apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also provides aprocess for preparing such a composition, comprising the step ofadmixing vesicles purified by a process of the invention with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention also provides a container (e.g. vial) or delivery device(e.g. syringe) pre-filled with a pharmaceutical composition of theinvention. The invention also provides a process for providing such acontainer or device, comprising introducing into the container or devicea vesicle-containing composition of the invention.

The immunogenic composition may include a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, which can be any substance that does not itself induce theproduction of antibodies harmful to the patient receiving thecomposition, and which can be administered without undue toxicity.Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can include liquids such as water,saline, glycerol and ethanol. Auxiliary substances, such as wetting oremulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, and the like, can also bepresent in such vehicles. A thorough discussion of suitable carriers isavailable in ref. 22.

Bacteria can affect various areas of the body and so the compositions ofthe invention may be prepared in various forms. For example, thecompositions may be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutionsor suspensions. Solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in,liquid vehicles prior to injection can also be prepared. The compositionmay be prepared for topical administration e.g. as an ointment, cream orpowder. The composition be prepared for oral administration e.g. as atablet or capsule, or as a syrup (optionally flavoured). The compositionmay be prepared for pulmonary administration e.g. as an inhaler, using afine powder or a spray. The composition may be prepared as a suppositoryor pessary. The composition may be prepared for nasal, aural or ocularadministration e.g. as drops.

A pharmaceutical carrier may include a temperature protective agent, andthis component may be particularly useful in adjuvanted compositions(particularly those containing a mineral adjuvant, such as an aluminiumsalt). As described in reference 23, a liquid temperature protectiveagent may be added to an aqueous vaccine composition to lower itsfreezing point e.g. to reduce the freezing point to below 0° C. Thus thecomposition can be stored below 0° C., but above its freezing point, toinhibit thermal breakdown. The temperature protective agent also permitsfreezing of the composition while protecting mineral salt adjuvantsagainst agglomeration or sedimentation after freezing and thawing, andmay also protect the composition at elevated temperatures e.g. above 40°C. A starting aqueous vaccine and the liquid temperature protectiveagent may be mixed such that the liquid temperature protective agentforms from 1-80% by volume of the final mixture. Suitable temperatureprotective agents should be safe for human administration, readilymiscible/soluble in water, and should not damage other components (e.g.antigen and adjuvant) in the composition. Examples include glycerin,propylene glycol, and/or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Suitable PEGs mayhave an average molecular weight ranging from 200-20,000 Da. In apreferred embodiment, the polyethylene glycol can have an averagemolecular weight of about 300 Da (‘PEG-300’).

The composition is preferably sterile. It is preferably pyrogen-free. Itis preferably buffered e.g. at between pH 6 and pH 8, generally aroundpH 7. Compositions of the invention may be isotonic with respect tohumans.

Immunogenic compositions comprise an immunologically effective amount ofimmunogenic vesicles, as well as any other of other specifiedcomponents, as needed. By ‘immunologically effective amount’, it ismeant that the administration of that amount to an individual, either ina single dose or as part of a series, is effective for treatment orprevention. This amount varies depending upon the health and physicalcondition of the individual to be treated, age, the taxonomic group ofindividual to be treated (e.g. non-human primate, primate, etc.), thecapacity of the individual's immune system to synthesise antibodies, thedegree of protection desired, the formulation of the vaccine, thetreating doctor's assessment of the medical situation, and otherrelevant factors. It is expected that the amount will fall in arelatively broad range that can be determined through routine trials.

Previous work with vesicle vaccines (e.g. for meningococcus) offerspharmaceutical, posological and formulation guidance for compositions ofthe invention. The concentration of vesicles in compositions of theinvention will generally be between 10 and 500 μg/ml, preferably between25 and 200 μg/ml, and more preferably about 50 μg/ml or about 100 μg/ml(expressed in terms of total protein in the vesicles). A dosage volumeof 0.5 ml is typical for injection.

The composition may be administered in conjunction with otherimmunoregulatory agents.

Adjuvants which may be used in compositions of the invention include,but are not limited to:

A. Mineral-Containing Compositions

Mineral containing compositions suitable for use as adjuvants in theinvention include mineral salts, such as aluminium salts and calciumsalts. The invention includes mineral salts such as hydroxides (e.g.oxyhydroxides), phosphates (e.g. hydroxyphosphates, orthophosphates),sulphates, etc. [e.g. see chapters 8 & 9 of ref. 27], or mixtures ofdifferent mineral compounds, with the compounds taking any suitable form(e.g. gel, crystalline, amorphous, etc.), and with adsorption beingpreferred. The mineral containing compositions may also be formulated asa particle of metal salt.

The adjuvants known as “aluminium hydroxide” are typically aluminiumoxyhydroxide salts, which are usually at least partially crystalline.Aluminium oxyhydroxide, which can be represented by the formula AlO(OH),can be distinguished from other aluminium compounds, such as aluminiumhydroxide Al(OH)₃, by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, in particular by thepresence of an adsorption band at 1070 cm⁻¹ and a strong shoulder at3090-3100 cm⁻¹ [chapter 9 of ref. 27]. The degree of crystallinity of analuminium hydroxide adjuvant is reflected by the width of thediffraction band at half height (WHH), with poorly-crystalline particlesshowing greater line broadening due to smaller crystallite sizes. Thesurface area increases as WHH increases, and adjuvants with higher WHHvalues have been seen to have greater capacity for antigen adsorption. Afibrous morphology (e.g. as seen in transmission electron micrographs)is typical for aluminium hydroxide adjuvants. The pI of aluminiumhydroxide adjuvants is typically about 11 i.e. the adjuvant itself has apositive surface charge at physiological pH. Adsorptive capacities ofbetween 1.8-2.6 mg protein per mg Al⁺⁺⁺ at pH 7.4 have been reported foraluminium hydroxide adjuvants.

The adjuvants known as “aluminium phosphate” are typically aluminiumhydroxyphosphates, often also containing a small amount of sulfate (i.e.aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfate). They may be obtained byprecipitation, and the reaction conditions and concentrations duringprecipitation influence the degree of substitution of phosphate forhydroxyl in the salt. Hydroxyphosphates generally have a PO₄/Al molarratio between 0.3 and 1.2. Hydroxyphosphates can be distinguished fromstrict AlPO₄ by the presence of hydroxyl groups. For example, an IRspectrum band at 3164 cm⁻¹ (e.g. at 200° C.) indicates the presence ofstructural hydroxyls [ch. 9 of ref. 27].

The PO₄/Al³⁺ molar ratio of an aluminium phosphate adjuvant willgenerally be between 0.3 and 1.2, preferably between 0.8 and 1.2, andmore preferably 0.95±0.1. The aluminium phosphate will generally beamorphous, particularly for hydroxyphosphate salts. A typical adjuvantis amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate with PO₄/Al molar ratio between0.84 and 0.92, included at 0.6 mg Al³⁺/ml. The aluminium phosphate willgenerally be particulate (e.g. plate-like morphology as seen intransmission electron micrographs). Typical diameters of the particlesare in the range 0.5-20 μm (e.g. about 5-10 μm) after any antigenadsorption. Adsorptive capacities of between 0.7-1.5 mg protein per mgAl⁺⁺⁺ at pH 7.4 have been reported for aluminium phosphate adjuvants.

The point of zero charge (PZC) of aluminium phosphate is inverselyrelated to the degree of substitution of phosphate for hydroxyl, andthis degree of substitution can vary depending on reaction conditionsand concentration of reactants used for preparing the salt byprecipitation. PZC is also altered by changing the concentration of freephosphate ions in solution (more phosphate=more acidic PZC) or by addinga buffer such as a histidine buffer (makes PZC more basic). Aluminiumphosphates used according to the invention will generally have a PZC ofbetween 4.0 and 7.0, more preferably between 5.0 and 6.5 e.g. about 5.7.

Suspensions of aluminium salts used to prepare compositions of theinvention may contain a buffer (e.g. a phosphate or a histidine or aTris buffer), but this is not always necessary. The suspensions arepreferably sterile and pyrogen-free. A suspension may include freeaqueous phosphate ions e.g. present at a concentration between 1.0 and20 mM, preferably between 5 and 15 mM, and more preferably about 10 mM.The suspensions may also comprise sodium chloride.

In one embodiment, an adjuvant component includes, a mixture of both analuminium hydroxide and an aluminium phosphate. In this case there maybe more aluminium phosphate than hydroxide e.g. a weight ratio of atleast 2:1 e.g. ≧5:1, ≧6:1, ≧7:1, ≧8:1, ≧9:1, etc.

The concentration of Al⁺⁺⁺ in a composition for administration to apatient is preferably less than 10 mg/ml e.g. ≦5 mg/ml, ≦4 mg/ml, ≦3mg/ml, ≦2 mg/ml, ≦1 mg/ml, etc. A preferred range is between 0.3 and 1mg/ml. A maximum of <0.85 mg/dose is preferred.

B. Oil Emulsions

Oil emulsion compositions suitable for use as adjuvants in the inventioninclude squalene-water emulsions, such as MF59 [Chapter 10 of ref. 27;see also ref. 24] (5% Squalene, 0.5% Tween 80, and 0.5% Span 85,formulated into submicron particles using a microfluidizer). CompleteFreund's adjuvant (CFA) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) may alsobe used.

Various suitable oil-in-water emulsions are known, and they typicallyinclude at least one oil and at least one surfactant, with the oil(s)and surfactant(s) being biodegradable (metabolisable) and biocompatible.The oil droplets in the emulsion are generally less than 5 μm indiameter, and advantageously the emulsion comprises oil droplets with asub-micron diameter, with these small sizes being achieved with amicrofluidiser to provide stable emulsions. Droplets with a size lessthan 220 nm are preferred as they can be subjected to filtersterilization.

The invention can be used with oils such as those from an animal (suchas fish) or vegetable source. Sources for vegetable oils include nuts,seeds and grains. Peanut oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, and olive oil,the most commonly available, exemplify the nut oils. Jojoba oil can beused e.g. obtained from the jojoba bean. Seed oils include saffloweroil, cottonseed oil, sunflower seed oil, sesame seed oil and the like.In the grain group, corn oil is the most readily available, but the oilof other cereal grains such as wheat, oats, rye, rice, teff, triticaleand the like may also be used. 6-10 carbon fatty acid esters of glyceroland 1,2-propanediol, while not occurring naturally in seed oils, may beprepared by hydrolysis, separation and esterification of the appropriatematerials starting from the nut and seed oils. Fats and oils frommammalian milk are metabolizable and may therefore be used in thepractice of this invention. The procedures for separation, purification,saponification and other means necessary for obtaining pure oils fromanimal sources are well known in the art. Most fish containmetabolizable oils which may be readily recovered. For example, codliver oil, shark liver oils, and whale oil such as spermaceti exemplifyseveral of the fish oils which may be used herein. A number of branchedchain oils are synthesized biochemically in 5-carbon isoprene units andare generally referred to as terpenoids. Shark liver oil contains abranched, unsaturated terpenoid known as squalene,2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene. Otherpreferred oils are the tocopherols (see below). Oil in water emulsionscomprising sqlauene are particularly preferred. Mixtures of oils can beused.

Surfactants can be classified by their ‘HLB’ (hydrophile/lipophilebalance). Preferred surfactants of the invention have a HLB of at least10, preferably at least 15, and more preferably at least 16. Theinvention can be used with surfactants including, but not limited to:the polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters surfactants (commonly referred to asthe Tweens), especially polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80; copolymers ofethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and/or butylene oxide (BO),sold under the DOWFAX™ tradename, such as linear EO/PO block copolymers;octoxynols, which can vary in the number of repeating ethoxy(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups, with octoxynol-9 (Triton X-100, ort-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol) being of particular interest;(octylphenoxy)polyethoxyethanol (IGEPAL CA-630/NP-40); phospholipidssuch as phosphatidylcholine (lecithin); polyoxyethylene fatty ethersderived from lauryl, cetyl, stearyl and oleyl alcohols (known as Brijsurfactants), such as triethyleneglycol monolauryl ether (Brij 30); andsorbitan esters (commonly known as the SPANs), such as sorbitantrioleate (Span 85) and sorbitan monolaurate. Preferred surfactants forincluding in the emulsion are Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate), Span 85 (sorbitan trioleate), lecithin and Triton X-100. Asmentioned above, detergents such as Tween 80 may contribute to thethermal stability seen in the examples below.

Mixtures of surfactants can be used e.g. Tween 80/Span 85 mixtures. Acombination of a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester such as polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and an octoxynol such ast-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100) is also suitable. Anotheruseful combination comprises laureth 9 plus a polyoxyethylene sorbitanester and/or an octoxynol.

Preferred amounts of surfactants (% by weight) are: polyoxyethylenesorbitan esters (such as Tween 80) 0.01 to 1%, in particular about 0.1%;octyl- or nonylphenoxy polyoxyethanols (such as Triton X-100, or otherdetergents in the Triton series) 0.001 to 0.1%, in particular 0.005 to0.02%; polyoxyethylene ethers (such as laureth 9) 0.1 to 20%, preferably0.1 to 10% and in particular 0.1 to 1% or about 0.5%.

Specific oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants useful with the inventioninclude, but are not limited to:

-   -   A submicron emulsion of squalene, Tween 80, and Span 85. The        composition of the emulsion by volume can be about 5% squalene,        about 0.5% polysorbate 80 and about 0.5% Span 85. In weight        terms, these ratios become 4.3% squalene, 0.5% polysorbate 80        and 0.48% Span 85. This adjuvant is known as ‘MF59’ [24-26], as        described in more detail in Chapter 10 of ref. 27 and chapter 12        of ref. 28. The MF59 emulsion advantageously includes citrate        ions e.g. 10 mM sodium citrate buffer.    -   An emulsion comprising squalene, an α-tocopherol, and        polysorbate 80. These emulsions may have from 2 to 10% squalene,        from 2 to 10% tocopherol and from 0.3 to 3% Tween 80, and the        weight ratio of squalene:tocopherol is preferably <1 (e.g. 0.90)        as this provides a more stable emulsion. Squalene and Tween 80        may be present volume ratio of about 5:2, or at a weight ratio        of about 11:5. One such emulsion can be made by dissolving Tween        80 in PBS to give a 2% solution, then mixing 90 ml of this        solution with a mixture of (5 g of DL-α-tocopherol and 5 ml        squalene), then microfluidising the mixture. The resulting        emulsion may have submicron oil droplets e.g. with an average        diameter of between 100 and 250 nm, preferably about 180 nm.    -   An emulsion of squalene, a tocopherol, and a Triton detergent        (e.g. Triton X-100). The emulsion may also include a 3d-MPL (see        below). The emulsion may contain a phosphate buffer.    -   An emulsion comprising a polysorbate (e.g. polysorbate 80), a        Triton detergent (e.g. Triton X-100) and a tocopherol (e.g. an        α-tocopherol succinate). The emulsion may include these three        components at a mass ratio of about 75:11:10 (e.g. 750 μg/ml        polysorbate 80, 110 μg/ml Triton X-100 and 100 μg/ml        α-tocopherol succinate), and these concentrations should include        any contribution of these components from antigens. The emulsion        may also include squalene. The emulsion may also include a        3d-MPL (see below). The aqueous phase may contain a phosphate        buffer.    -   An emulsion of squalane, polysorbate 80 and poloxamer 401        (“Pluronic™ L121”). The emulsion can be formulated in phosphate        buffered saline, pH 7.4. This emulsion is a useful delivery        vehicle for muramyl dipeptides, and has been used with        threonyl-MDP in the “SAF-1” adjuvant [29] (0.05-1% Thr-MDP, 5%        squalane, 2.5% Pluronic L121 and 0.2% polysorbate 80). It can        also be used without the Thr-MDP, as in the “AF” adjuvant [30]        (5% squalane, 1.25% Pluronic L121 and 0.2% polysorbate 80).        Microfluidisation is preferred.    -   An emulsion comprising squalene, an aqueous solvent, a        polyoxyethylene alkyl ether hydrophilic nonionic surfactant        (e.g. polyoxyethylene (12) cetostearyl ether) and a hydrophobic        nonionic surfactant (e.g. a sorbitan ester or mannide ester,        such as sorbitan monoleate or ‘Span 80’). The emulsion is        preferably thermoreversible and/or has at least 90% of the oil        droplets (by volume) with a size less than 200 nm [31]. The        emulsion may also include one or more of: alditol; a        cryoprotective agent (e.g. a sugar, such as dodecylmaltoside        and/or sucrose); and/or an alkylpolyglycoside. Such emulsions        may be lyophilized.    -   An emulsion having from 0.5-50% of an oil, 0.1-10% of a        phospholipid, and 0.05-5% of a non-ionic surfactant. As        described in reference 32, preferred phospholipid components are        phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine,        phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol,        phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin and cardiolipin. Submicron        droplet sizes are advantageous.    -   A submicron oil-in-water emulsion of a non-metabolisable oil        (such as light mineral oil) and at least one surfactant (such as        lecithin, Tween 80 or Span 80). Additives may be included, such        as QuilA saponin, cholesterol, a saponin-lipophile conjugate        (such as GPI-0100, described in reference 33, produced by        addition of aliphatic amine to desacylsaponin via the carboxyl        group of glucuronic acid), dimethyidioctadecylammonium bromide        and/or N,N-dioctadecyl-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)propanediamine.    -   An emulsion comprising a mineral oil, a non-ionic lipophilic        ethoxylated fatty alcohol, and a non-ionic hydrophilic        surfactant (e.g. an ethoxylated fatty alcohol and/or        polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer) [34].    -   An emulsion comprising a mineral oil, a non-ionic hydrophilic        ethoxylated fatty alcohol, and a non-ionic lipophilic surfactant        (e.g. an ethoxylated fatty alcohol and/or        polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer) [34].    -   An emulsion in which a saponin (e.g. QuilA or QS21) and a sterol        (e.g. a cholesterol) are associated as helical micelles [35].

Antigens and adjuvants in a composition will typically be in admixtureat the time of delivery to a patient. The emulsions may be mixed withantigen during manufacture, or extemporaneously, at the time ofdelivery. Thus the adjuvant and antigen may be kept separately in apackaged or distributed vaccine, ready for final formulation at the timeof use. The antigen will generally be in an aqueous form, such that thevaccine is finally prepared by mixing two liquids. The volume ratio ofthe two liquids for mixing can vary (e.g. between 5:1 and 1:5) but isgenerally about 1:1.

C. Saponin Formulations [Chapter 22 of Ref 27]

Saponin formulations may also be used as adjuvants in the invention.Saponins are a heterogeneous group of sterol glycosides and triterpenoidglycosides that are found in the bark, leaves, stems, roots and evenflowers of a wide range of plant species. Saponin from the bark of theQuillaia saponaria Molina tree have been widely studied as adjuvants.Saponin can also be commercially obtained from Smilax ornata(sarsaprilla), Gypsophilla paniculata (brides veil), and Saponariaofficianalis (soap root). Saponin adjuvant formulations include purifiedformulations, such as QS21, as well as lipid formulations, such asISCOMs. QS21 is marketed as Stimulon™.

Saponin compositions have been purified using HPLC and RP-HPLC. Specificpurified fractions using these techniques have been identified,including QS7, QS17, QS18, QS21, QH-A, QH-B and QH-C. Preferably, thesaponin is QS21. A method of production of QS21 is disclosed in ref. 36.Saponin formulations may also comprise a sterol, such as cholesterol[37].

Combinations of saponins and cholesterols can be used to form uniqueparticles called immunostimulating complexs (ISCOMs; see chapter 23 ofref. 27; also refs 38 & 39). ISCOMs typically also include aphospholipid such as phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine.Any known saponin can be used in ISCOMs. Preferably, the ISCOM includesone or more of QuilA, QHA & QHC. Optionally, the ISCOMS may be devoid ofadditional detergent [40].

A review of the development of saponin based adjuvants can be found inrefs. 41 & 42.

D. Bacterial or Microbial Derivatives

Adjuvants suitable for use in the invention include bacterial ormicrobial derivatives such as non-toxic derivatives of enterobacteriallipopolysaccharide (LPS), Lipid A derivatives, immunostimulatoryoligonucleotides and ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivativesthereof.

Non-toxic derivatives of LPS include monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL). 3dMPL is a mixture of 3 de-O-acylatedmonophosphoryl lipid A with 4, 5 or 6 acylated chains. A preferred“small particle” form of 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A isdisclosed in ref. 43. Such “small particles” of 3dMPL are small enoughto be sterile filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane [43]. Other non-toxicLPS derivatives include monophosphoryl lipid A mimics, such asaminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate derivatives e.g. RC-529 [44,45].

Lipid A derivatives include derivatives of lipid A from Escherichia colisuch as OM-174. OM-174 is described for example in refs. 46 & 47.

Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides suitable for use as adjuvants in theinvention include nucleotide sequences containing a CpG motif (adinucleotide sequence containing an unmethylated cytosine linked by aphosphate bond to a guanosine). Double-stranded RNAs andoligonucleotides containing palindromic or poly(dG) sequences have alsobeen shown to be immunostimulatory.

The CpG's can include nucleotide modifications/analogs such asphosphorothioate modifications and can be double-stranded orsingle-stranded. References 48, 49 and 50 disclose possible analogsubstitutions e.g. replacement of guanosine with2′-deoxy-7-deazaguanosine. The adjuvant effect of CpG oligonucleotidesis further discussed in refs. 51-56.

The CpG sequence may be directed to TLR9, such as the motif GTCGTT orTTCGTT [57]. The CpG sequence may be specific for inducing a Th1 immuneresponse, such as a CpG-A ODN, or it may be more specific for inducing aB cell response, such a CpG-B ODN. CpG-A and CpG-B ODNs are discussed inrefs. 58-60. Preferably, the CpG is a CpG-A ODN.

Preferably, the CpG oligonucleotide is constructed so that the 5′ end isaccessible for receptor recognition. Optionally, two CpG oligonucleotidesequences may be attached at their 3′ ends to form “immunomers”. See,for example, refs. 61-63.

A particularly useful adjuvant based around immunostimulatoryoligonucleotides is known as IC-31™ [64-66]. Thus an adjuvant used withthe invention may comprise a mixture of (i) an oligonucleotide (e.g.between 15-40 nucleotides) including at least one (and preferablymultiple) CpI motifs (i.e. a cytosine linked to an inosine to form adinucleotide), and (ii) a polycationic polymer, such as an oligopeptide(e.g. between 5-20 amino acids) including at least one (and preferablymultiple) Lys-Arg-Lys tripeptide sequence(s). The oligonucleotide may bea deoxynucleotide comprising 26-mer sequence 5′-(IC)₁₃-3′ (SEQ ID NO:7). The polycationic polymer may be a peptide comprising 11-mer aminoacid sequence KLKLLLLLKLK (SEQ ID NO: 6). This combination of SEQ IDNOs: 6 and 7 provides the IC-31™ adjuvant.

Bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivatives thereof maybe used as adjuvants in the invention. Preferably, the protein isderived from E. coli (E. coli heat labile enterotoxin “LT”), cholera(“CT”), or pertussis (“PT”). The use of detoxified ADP-ribosylatingtoxins as mucosal adjuvants is described in ref. 67 and as parenteraladjuvants in ref. 68. The toxin or toxoid is preferably in the form of aholotoxin, comprising both A and B subunits. Preferably, the A subunitcontains a detoxifying mutation; preferably the B subunit is notmutated. Preferably, the adjuvant is a detoxified LT mutant such asLT-K63, LT-R72, and LT-G 192. The use of ADP-ribosylating toxins anddetoxified derivatives thereof, particularly LT-K63 and LT-R72, asadjuvants can be found in refs. 69-76. A useful CT mutant is or CT-E29H[77]. Numerical reference for amino acid substitutions is preferablybased on the alignments of the A and B subunits of ADP-ribosylatingtoxins set forth in ref. 78, specifically incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

E. Human Immunomodulators

Human immunomodulators suitable for use as adjuvants in the inventioninclude cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g. IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5,IL-6, IL-7, IL-12 [79], etc.) [80], interferons (e.g. interferon-γ),macrophage colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor. Apreferred immunomodulator is IL-12.

F. Bioadhesives and Mucoadhesives

Bioadhesives and mucoadhesives may also be used as adjuvants in theinvention. Suitable bioadhesives include esterified hyaluronic acidmicrospheres [81] or mucoadhesives such as cross-linked derivatives ofpoly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrollidone,polysaccharides and carboxymethylcellulose. Chitosan and derivativesthereof may also be used as adjuvants in the invention [82].

G. Microparticles

Microparticles may also be used as adjuvants in the invention.Microparticles (i.e. a particle of ˜100 nm to ˜150 μm in diameter, morepreferably ˜200 nm to ˜30 μm in diameter, and most preferably ˜500 nm to˜10 μm in diameter) formed from materials that are biodegradable andnon-toxic (e.g. a poly(α-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxybutyric acid, apolyorthoester, a polyanhydride, a polycaprolactone, etc.), withpoly(lactide-co-glycolide) are preferred, optionally treated to have anegatively-charged surface (e.g. with SDS) or a positively-chargedsurface (e.g. with a cationic detergent, such as CTAB).

H. Liposomes (Chapters 13 & 14 of Ref 27)

Examples of liposome formulations suitable for use as adjuvants aredescribed in refs. 83-85.

I. Imidazoquinolone Compounds.

Examples of imidazoquinolone compounds suitable for use adjuvants in theinvention include Imiquamod and its homologues (e.g. “Resiquimod 3M”),described further in refs. 86 and 87.

The invention may also comprise combinations of aspects of one or moreof the adjuvants identified above. For example, the following adjuvantcompositions may be used in the invention: (1) a saponin and anoil-in-water emulsion [88]; (2) a saponin (e.g. QS21)+a non-toxic LPSderivative (e.g. 3dMPL) [89]; (3) a saponin (e.g. QS21)+a non-toxic LPSderivative (e.g. 3dMPL)+a cholesterol; (4) a saponin (e.g.QS21)+3dMPL+IL-12 (optionally+a sterol) [90]; (5) combinations of 3dMPLwith, for example, QS21 and/or oil-in-water emulsions [91]; (6) SAF,containing 10% squalane, 0.4% Tween 80™, 5% pluronic-block polymer L121,and thr-MDP, either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexedto generate a larger particle size emulsion. (7) Ribi™ adjuvant system(RAS), (Ribi Immunochem) containing 2% squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and oneor more bacterial cell wall components from the group consisting ofmonophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wallskeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (Detox™); and (8) one or more mineralsalts (such as an aluminum salt)+a non-toxic derivative of LPS (such as3dMPL).

Other substances that act as immunostimulating agents are disclosed inchapter 7 of ref. 27.

An aluminium hydroxide adjuvant is useful, and antigens are generallyadsorbed to this salt. Oil-in-water emulsions comprising squalene, withsubmicron oil droplets, are also preferred, particularly in the elderly.Useful adjuvant combinations include combinations of Th1 and Th2adjuvants such as CpG & an aluminium salt, or resiquimod & an aluminiumsalt. A combination of an aluminium salt and 3dMPL may be used.

Immunisation

In addition to providing immunogenic compositions as described above,the invention also provides a method for raising an antibody response ina mammal, comprising administering an immunogenic composition of theinvention to the mammal. The antibody response is preferably aprotective antibody response. The invention also provides compositionsof the invention for use in such methods.

The invention also provides a method for protecting a mammal against abacterial infection and/or disease, comprising administering to themammal an immunogenic composition of the invention.

The invention provides compositions of the invention for use asmedicaments (e.g. as immunogenic compositions or as vaccines). It alsoprovides the use of vesicles of the invention in the manufacture of amedicament for preventing a bacterial infection in a mammal.

The mammal is preferably a human. The human may be an adult or,preferably, a child. Where the vaccine is for prophylactic use, thehuman is preferably a child (e.g. a toddler or infant); where thevaccine is for therapeutic use, the human is preferably an adult. Avaccine intended for children may also be administered to adults e.g. toassess safety, dosage, immunogenicity, etc.

The uses and methods are particularly useful for preventing/treatingdiseases caused by Shigella including, but not limited to, shigellosis,Reiter's syndrome, and/or hemolytic uremic syndrome. They are alsouseful for preventing/treating diseases caused by Salmonella including,but not limited to, food poisoning and/or diarrhoea.

Efficacy of therapeutic treatment can be tested by monitoring bacterialinfection after administration of the composition of the invention.Efficacy of prophylactic treatment can be tested by monitoring immuneresponses against immunogenic proteins in the vesicles or other antigensafter administration of the composition. Immunogenicity of compositionsof the invention can be determined by administering them to testsubjects (e.g. children 12-16 months age) and then determining standardserological parameters. These immune responses will generally bedetermined around 4 weeks after administration of the composition, andcompared to values determined before administration of the composition.Where more than one dose of the composition is administered, more thanone post-administration determination may be made.

Compositions of the invention will generally be administered directly toa patient. Direct delivery may be accomplished by parenteral injection(e.g. subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly,or to the interstitial space of a tissue), or by rectal, oral, vaginal,topical, transdermal, intranasal, ocular, aural, pulmonary or othermucosal administration. Intramuscular administration to the thigh or theupper arm is preferred. Injection may be via a needle (e.g. a hypodermicneedle), but needle-free injection may alternatively be used. A typicalintramuscular dose is about 0.5 ml.

The invention may be used to elicit systemic and/or mucosal immunity.

Dosage treatment can be a single dose schedule or a multiple doseschedule. Multiple doses may be used in a primary immunisation scheduleand/or in a booster immunisation schedule. A primary dose schedule maybe followed by a booster dose schedule. Suitable timing between primingdoses (e.g. between 4-16 weeks), and between priming and boosting, canbe routinely determined.

Culture Methods

The invention also provides a process for culturing a Shigellabacterium, comprising growing the bacteria under agitated and aeratedconditions at 37° C. and pH 7.1 with dissolved oxygen at 30% saturation.

General

The term “comprising” encompasses “including” as well as “consisting”e.g. a composition “comprising” X may consist exclusively of X or mayinclude something additional e.g. X+Y.

The term “about” in relation to a numerical value x is optional andmeans, for example, x±10%.

The word “substantially” does not exclude “completely” e.g. acomposition which is “substantially free” from Y may be completely freefrom Y. Where necessary, the word “substantially” may be omitted fromthe definition of the invention.

References to a percentage sequence identity between two amino acidsequences means that, when aligned, that percentage of amino acids arethe same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percenthomology or sequence identity can be determined using software programsknown in the art, for example those described in section 7.7.18 ofreference 92. A preferred alignment is determined by the Smith-Watermanhomology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap openpenalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, BLOSUM matrix of 62. TheSmith-Waterman homology search algorithm is well known and is disclosedin reference 93.

“GI” numbering is used above. A GI number, or “GenInfo Identifier”, is aseries of digits assigned consecutively to each sequence recordprocessed by NCBI when sequences are added to its databases. The GInumber bears no resemblance to the accession number of the sequencerecord. When a sequence is updated (e.g. for correction, or to add moreannotation or information) then it receives a new GI number. Thus thesequence associated with a given GI number is never changed.

Where the invention concerns an “epitope”, this epitope may be a B-cellepitope and/or a T-cell epitope. Such epitopes can be identifiedempirically (e.g. using PEPSCAN [94,95] or similar methods), or they canbe predicted (e.g. using the Jameson-Wolf antigenic index [96],matrix-based approaches [97], MAPITOPE [98], TEPITOPE [99,100], neuralnetworks [101], OptiMer & EpiMer [102, 103], ADEPT [104], Tsites [105],hydrophilicity [106], antigenic index [107] or the methods disclosed inreferences 108-109, etc.). Epitopes are the parts of an antigen that arerecognised by and bind to the antigen binding sites of antibodies orT-cell receptors, and they may also be referred to as “antigenicdeterminants”.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows blebs of the invention purified from culture.

FIG. 2 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of Shigella samples taken (i) before thefirst filtration, (ii) after the first filtration, and (iii) after thesecond filtration. Each panel has three lanes showing, from left toright, total protein, vesicle protein and soluble protein.

FIG. 5 shows similar results for Salmonella.

FIG. 3 shows a SEC trace of samples taken after the first and secondfiltration steps.

FIG. 4 illustrates the overall process of the invention.

MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Bacterial Culture

A double knockout strain of S. sonnei was prepared using the λ Redsystem. The tolR and galU genes were both knocked out to give aΔtolRΔgalU strain. This double mutant strain releases outer membraneblebs more readily than the wild type strain and has no O antigen in itsLPS.

Fermentation of S. sonnei ΔtolRΔgalU was run under the followingconditions: pH 7.1, 37° C., dissolved oxygen maintained at 30%saturation by controlling agitation and setting maximum aeration. The pHwas controlled by addition of 4M ammonium hydroxide. The foam wascontrolled by addition of 10% PPG during the run. The medium consistedof the following components: KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄ and yeast extract. After themedium was sterilized by autoclaving, glycerol and MgSO₄ were addedprior to inoculation. The culture inoculum was 5% of the fermentorvolume. The fermentation process took approximately 13 hours and cellconcentration was measured as optical density at 600 nm.

Purification of Blebs

Vesicles produced in the fermentation broth were purified using twoconsecutive TFF (tangential flow filtration) steps: micro-filtration at0.22 μm and then a second micro-filtration at 0.1 μm.

During the first filtration step the vesicles were separated frombiomass by TFF through a 0.22 μm pore size cassette. The biomass wasfirst concentrated 4-fold and, after five diafiltration steps againstPBS, the vesicles were collected in the filtrate.

In the second filtration step the filtrate from the 0.22 μm TFF wasfurther micro-filtered trough a 0.1 μm cut-off cassette, in order topurify the vesicles from soluble proteins. The vesicles could not passthrough the filter cassette. After five diafiltration steps, theretentate containing the vesicles was collected.

To analyze protein contents, samples from each step of the process wereultra-centrifuged (2 hours, 200,000 g), and the pellet (containingvesicles) was resuspended in PBS. The protein contents of to vesicles(the pellet) and the soluble fraction (the supernatant) were quantifiedby Bradford method and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and size exclusionchromatography (SEC).

FIG. 2 shows SDS-PAGE of samples taken (i) before the first filtration,(ii) after the first filtration, and (iii) after the second filtration.Samples were normalised to volume. The high purity of the vesiclesuspension obtained after the two TFF steps is evident. The right-handlane is almost empty indicating an almost complete absence of solubleproteins.

FIG. 3 shows SEC analysis of samples taken after the first filtrationstep (right-hand peak) and after the second filtration step (left-handpeak). The arrow indicates the chromatographic peak corresponding to thevesicles. After the first filtration step the major UV-adsorbing peak isat the bed volume (MW<13 kDa) whereas after the second filtration stepthe major peak is at the void volume, with almost no other signal.

In order to evaluate the efficiency of TFF for vesicles recovery sampleswere taken from the fermentation broth during the TFF steps and at theend of the each purification step. Before the first filtration theprotein concentration was ˜1 g/l with 14% in vesicles. After the firstfiltration step there was a similar total protein concentration and 15%was in vesicles. After the second filtration step, however, the proteincontent dropped 10-fold but the proportion located in the vesicles roseto 90%.

The yield of vesicles was 100 mg of vesicle proteins per liter offermentation culture. This would provide 4000 vaccine doses (considering25 μg of proteins per dose) per liter of fermentation broth.

The final purified product was observed with TEM (FIG. 1). The blebshave a homogenous size of about 50 μm in diameter.

A proteomic approach confirmed that the blebs are essentially pure outermembranes. Unlike conventional outer membrane vesicles (OMV) derived bydisruption of the outer membrane, the blebs conserve lipophilic proteinsand are essentially free of cytoplasmic and inner membrane components.

Immunogenicity of the purified blebs was confirmed by injecting theminto mice and observing specific immune responses against blebcomponents.

Salmonella

A tolR knockout strain of S. typhimurium (S. typhimurium ΔtolR) wasprepared using the λ Red system. This mutant strain releases outermembrane blebs more readily than the wild type strain.

Fermentation of the knockout mutant was run under the followingconditions: pH 7.1, 37° C., dissolved oxygen maintained at 30%saturation by controlling agitation and setting maximum aeration. The pHwas controlled by addition of 30% ammonium hydroxide. Foam wascontrolled by addition of 0.25 g/L of PPG in the fermentation medium.The culture inoculum was 1% of the fermenter volume. The fermentationprocess was stopped after 14 hours, when the culture achieved a cellconcentration of 29 OD_(600 nm).

Culture supernatant containing vesicles was separated from theSalmonella biomass by TFF through a 0.22 μm pore size filter cassettewith a 0.1 m² filtration area. The biomass was retained on the cassetteand the permeate containing the vesicles was collected. Soluble proteinsin the permeate were removed from the blebs by a second microfiltrationtrough a 0.1 μm pore size filter cassette (200 cm² filtration area).Following a 10-fold concentration the retentate was subjected to 10diafiltration steps against PBS and subsequently collected.

To analyze protein contents, samples from each step of the process wereultra-centrifuged (2 hours, 200,000 g) and the vesicle-containing pelletwas resuspended in PBS. The protein contents of the vesicles (thepellet) and the soluble fraction (the supernatant) were quantified byBradford method and analyzed by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 5). All the samples werenormalized to volume.

It will be understood that the invention has been described by way ofexample only and modifications may be made whilst remaining within thescope and spirit of the invention.

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1. A process for purifying immunogenic bacterial vesicles, comprising:(i) a first filtration step in which vesicles obtained by disruption ofor blebbing from the outer membrane of bacteria from a composition whichincludes both whole bacteria and the vesicles obtained therefrom areseparated from the bacteria based on their different sizes, with thevesicles passing into the filtrate; and (ii) a second filtration step inwhich the vesicles are retained in the retentate.
 2. The process ofclaim 1, wherein the first filtration step is a 0.22 μm microfiltration.3. The process of claim 1, wherein the first filtration is a tangentialflow filtration.
 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the secondfiltration is a 0.1 μm microfiltration.
 5. The process of claim 1,wherein the second filtration is a tangential flow filtration.
 6. Theprocess of claim 1, wherein the bacteria are Shigella.
 7. The process ofclaim 1, wherein the bacteria are Salmonella.
 8. The process of claim 1,further comprising a step where the purified vesicles are formulated asa vaccine.
 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the bacteria are from agenera selected from the group consisting of Escherichia, Shigella,Neisseria, Moraxella, Bordetella, Borrelia, Brucella, Chlamydia,Haemophilus, Legionella, Pseudomonas, Yersinia, Helicobacter,Salmonella, and Vibrio.
 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the bacteriaare Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella melitensis,Brucella ovis, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis, Moraxellacatarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionellapneumophila, Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria lactamica, pseudomonasaeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonellaenterica, and Vibrio cholera.